ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - 6331 Words

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Contents : Abstract : Introduction : History : Concepts : Branches of AI : Artificial Intelligence in fiction : Problems o 7.1 Deduction, reasoning, problem solving o 7.2 Knowledge representation o 7.3 Planning o 7.4 Learning o 7.5 Motion manipulation o 7.6 Perception o 7.7 Social intelligence o 7.8 Creativity o 7.9 General intelligence ï‚ · VIII : Tools o 8.1 Search optimization o 8.2 Logic o 8.3 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning o 8.4 Neural Networks o 8.5 Control Theory o 8.6 Languages ï‚ · IX : Philosophy ï‚ · X : Applications of Artificial Intelligence ï‚ · XI : Conclusion ï‚ · XII : References ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · I II III IV V VI VII I: Abstract At the†¦show more content†¦Those who attended would become the leaders of AI research for decades. Many of them predicted that a machine as intelligent as a human being would exist in no more than a generation and they were given millions of dollars to make this vision come true. Eventually it became obvious that they had grossly underestimated the difficulty of the project. In 1973, in response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from congress, the U.S. and British Governments stopped funding undirected research into artificial intelligence. Seven years later, a visionary initiative by the Japanese Government inspired governments and industry to provide AI with billions of dollars, but by the late 80s the investors became disillusioned and withdrew funding again. This cycle of boom and bust, of AI winters and summers, continues to haunt the field. Undaunted, there are those who make extraordinary predictions even now. Progress in AI has continued, despite the rise and fall of its reputation in the eyes of government bureaucrats and venture capitalists. Problems that had begun to seem impossible in 1970 have been solved and the solutions are now used in successful commercial products. However, no machine has been built with a human level of intelligence, contrary to the optimistic predictions of the first generation of AI researchers. We can only see a short distance ahead, admitted Alan Turing, in a famous 1950 paper that catalyzed theShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence1237 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is artificial intelligence? Should humanity be concerned? There are many interpretations of Artificial intelligence. Merriam Webster’s online dictionary defines artificial intelligence as â€Å"A branch of computer science, dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviour, in computers or the capability of a machine, to imitate intelligent human behaviour† (Artificial Intelligence, 1828). With technology continually progressing and embedding itself into today’s population, from Siri on iPhoneRead MoreHuman Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence1545 Words   |  7 Pagesconsensus on what human intelligence is, how it works, and how it is formed. There are several different theories as to what intelligence is, and there is no concrete explanation of intelligence. Despite these uncertainties, many have proposed the idea modeling human intelligence and creating artificial intelligence. Many see artificial intelligence as a way to bypass human error and to improve jobs by completing them faster and more accurately. They argue that artificial intelligence can be based onRead MoreHuman Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence1233 Words   |  5 Pagesmentally, as this interaction was at an all-time high, we came up with intelligence. Intelligence has fascinated man since the dawn of time, and lead man to create one of the greatest innovations that rivaled human intelligence: artificial intelligence. The competition between human intelligence and artificial intelligence ultimately leads to the battle of nature and science. Eventually these two forms of intelligence, human and artificial, must coincide and it must be understood how each would interactRead MoreArtificial Intelligence And Human Intelligence3752 Words   |  16 PagesARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Name Mohammed Warsame Institutional Affiliation 26th January, 2015 â€Æ' Table of Contents Artificial Intelligence 3 Abstract 3 Project Outline 4 Introduction 5 Factors that inhibit a human from executing the rational decision 6 Soft Computing Domains Inspired by Biology 8 Soft Computing 8 Artificial Neural Network 9 Genetic Computing and Evolutionary Computing 10 Emotions and Artificial Intelligence 12 Neural Network Inheritance 12 Is there need to Inherit the Entirety of theRead MoreBenefits Of Artificial Intelligence761 Words   |  4 PagesArtificial Intelligence, more commonly referred to by its abbreviations AI, is defined as intelligence displayed by machines rather than humans. Its aptitudes include successfully recognising and comprehending human speech, computing simulations and analysing an immense amount of elaborate data. As there is limitless potential for this technology, there is a lot of research currently underway to develop AI with the ability to outperform humans at virtually every cognitive task, rather than specificRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1587 Words   |  7 PagesIntroductions Artificial Intelligence is felt almost everywhere. It is influence basically alters people’s lives, by the technology based applications that is embedded in machines that enhances people’s day to day activity. It is seen and experienced in different institutions, be it public or private, small entity and global. AI, or artificial intelligence, is the automation of human processes by means of machine learning, often done by computer systems. These processes include the acquisition ofRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1603 Words   |  7 PagesArtificial Intelligence Introduction Artificial intelligence is the study and development of enabling computer and machine technology to learn, simulate intelligence, use logic, and perform tasks that are typically performed by humans. Artificial intelligence is an area of research that has been prone to controversy. Researchers are conflicted in regards to whether artificial intelligence is beneficial. Some believe that it will help solve many societal issues, others fear that it will cause furtherRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence909 Words   |  4 Pagesconstantly changing lives easier. However, as we advance in society, controversies start up on the right and wrongs of how our mechanics or robots develop, specifically Artificial Intelligence robots. Artificial intelligence is the ability to understand how to control motion and responses based upon experience. Artificial intelligence in robots are based on human traits such as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, and movement and manipulation of objects.As of now, ourRead MoreDualism and Artificial Intelligence1235 Words   |  5 Pagestangible and can be recreated according to Turing. Turing, a physicalist, believed that artificial intelligence could be achieved in the future. Turing argued that the mind was merely due to the physical aspects of the brain and so a machine could one day be created that has a mind of its own, i.e. artificial intelligence. He created a test called the Turing Test to determine whether a machine has artificial intelligence. In the Turing Test, an interrogator asks two subjects a series of questions. OneRead MoreEssay On Artificial Intelligence1515 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction I chose Artificial Intelligence since I believe that it is extremely intriguing and important in the field of Information Technology. Artificial Intelligence is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. AI is usually defined as the capability of a computer program to perform tasks or reasoning processes that we associate

The Civilizations Of Ancient Civilization - 1178 Words

Civilization, derived from the latin word â€Å"civis† meaning â€Å"citizen†, or simply someone who lives in a city. However, what is the difference between a group of people who live in a town and our modern concept of civilization. To find the answer to that question we can turn to the civilizations of ancient times. The beginning of civilization as we know it began in the Neolithic era. This era began with a very distinct change to the way of life, from the old way of migrating constantly to wherever the food roams to settling down in one area and growing food to sustain oneself. Yet, the first civilizations were more than just people who stayed in the same place, grew their own food, and relied on water and shelter. They had something that made them standout from the people around them. Each ancient civilization had different values and cultures that led to the diverse institutions founded by these ancient civilizations. The first ancient civilization of the Neolit hic era is that of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia comes from the greek words â€Å"meso†, in between, and â€Å"potami† meaning river. This refers to the location of the region of Mesopotamia which lies between the Tigress and Euphrates Rivers. The first urban society of Mesopotamia is Sumer. One value of Sumer and of Mesopotamia is the love of religion and the beliefs in their gods. Religion plays a huge role in the values of the Sumerians as each large settlement has a temple where a priestly class acts as managers. Worship held aShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilization Of Ancient Civilizations2605 Words   |  11 Pagesevent or celebrate or revere a person or God. Mayan stelae monuments are monuments that were fashioned by the Maya civilization of ancient Mesoamerica. They consist of tall sculpted stone shafts and In ancient Maya society, cosmological beliefs encompassed all aspects of life and integrated individuals into a unitary worldview and culture. Inspired by their beliefs, Mayan civilization created some of the most intricate monuments, decorated in colors and hieroglyphics that depicted important imageryRead MoreAncient Egyptian Civilization : Ancient Civilization930 Words   |  4 PagesThe ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the oldest known civilizations in history. It is believed that the ancient Egyptian civilization, based in eastern North Africa, started around 3150 B.C., and survived until 31 B.C. In this ancient civilization, art was considered to be magical. Whether in the form of painting, sculpture, carving or script, art held the power to maintain universal order and grant immortal life by appealing to various gods to act on behalf of people, both in life and inRead MoreAncient Civilizations And The Egyptian Civilization1403 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam McNeill, aut hor of A World History, is in accordance with the belief that ancient civilizations who were in constant contact with conflict and war could develop a more advanced system of law, bureaucracy, and market prices. By that logic, Mesopotamia would have been far more advanced than Egypt. For example, Mesopotamia frequented attacks from barbarians because of the lay of the land. They also had trouble controlling war between centers of industry due to the inevitable struggle with theRead MoreThe Rise Of Civilization And Ancient Civilizations898 Words   |  4 PagesThe rise of civilization has always fascinated people. Since the appearance of anatomically modern human beings, some one hundred and fifty thousand years ago, the emergence of civilization has been one of the most important accomplishments of people. Civilization is defined as â€Å"an organizing principle that implies common institutions, economic systems, social structures, and values that extend over space and time† (Matthews 3). Some of the things that make up a civilization are religion, governmentRead MoreAncient Civilizations1009 Words   |  4 Pages Ancient Civilizations Ancient Civilizations were more pronounced in the Bronze Age. This historical period lies between 4000 to 1200 BCE. Ostensibly, these civilizations were triggered by the onset of irrigations systems, which concomitantly increased food and water supply. Irrigation schemes and availability of food set precedence for people tens of thousands of people to live together in a common geographical location. Cities, states, and centrally developed kingdoms developed. From historicalRead MoreThe Mayan Civilization : Ancient Civilization1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mayan Civilization: For many centuries the Mayan was of life was a mystery to archaeologists. Their geography, social structure, government, economy/trade, technology, writing, and arts were all thought to be forever lost. Now, as archaeologists are still uncovering more information, what was once referred to as â€Å"The Lost Civilization of Maya†, has been awakened from the grave of unknown. Geography: The ancient Mayan Civilization surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean stretchedRead MoreAncient Civilization And The Aztec Civilization Essay1781 Words   |  8 Pages One of the greatest ancient Mesoamerican civilizations lies right below modern day Mexico City. (Yellow,16) Legends have been told about the history of Mexico City, but not until recently was the great city of Tenochtitlan uncovered while construction workers were digging in Mexico City. There are very few physical remains of the ancient city today, but the history of this great civilization is still with us. This civilization was created by the Aztecs, who built their empire in 1325 AD. (YellowRead MoreClassical Civilizations And Ancient Civilizations1870 Words   |  8 PagesClassical civilizations (approximately ~1000BCE to 600 CE) These emerging civilizations were much larger than the earlier ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley and Shang China – displaying more complex political, economic, cultural, and military organization. All civilizations traded with others and many conquered new territories. Classical civilizations include those such as Zhou and Han China, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Mediterranean civilizations of Greece and Rome. 6th C BCE:Read MoreThe Ancient Civilization1622 Words   |  7 Pagesadvanced civilization is perhaps the most intriguing story of all.To understand what causes great civilizations, it is vital to note the process of collapse in other civilizations, such as the great Roman Empire. Differences in time period, geographical landscapes, and other circumstances mean no direct correlations are possible, but the outstanding point of similarity is that no single factor accounts for a large civilization s collapse. One similarity between these two civilizations is the processRead MoreAncient Civilizations : Compare And Contrasting Ancient Civilizations804 Words   |  4 PagesContrasting Ancient Civilizations Most people believe that all ancient civilizations were the same: they all lived with a steadfast loyalty to their one and only king that ruled all of the lands, civilizations only achievements were monumental buildings, and they vacuously attacked neighboring societies to gain more land for millennia. While some of this knowledge is true to an extent, civilizations accomplished an abundance more than some realize. Some fail to register that early civilizations are unique

Leadership and Management free essay sample

Autocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their own ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers. Autocratic leadership involves absolute, authoritarian control over a group. It can also be derived as a dictator, domineering and aggressive behaviour. An autocratic leadership can be beneficial in some circumstances such as that decisions have to be made quickly without consulting anyone, also when projects sometimes require strong leadership so that things can get accomplished quickly and effectively. Some team members may actually prefer the autocratic style this can let the team focus on performing tasks without worrying about the decisions that have to be made, this style of management does have its problems managers / team leaders can learn to use the elements of this style wisely and correctly. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As an example autocratic management can be used effectively when the leader has the most knowledge and has access to information that can make the task more productive. This style of management is best used when the team are primarily unskilled workers, casual workers or new starters. Democratic Leader Democratic leadership, also known as participative leadership is a type of leadership style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making process. Group member are encouraged to share their thoughts democratic leadership can lead to better ideas and more creative solutions to problems. Group members also feel more involved and committed to projects, making them more likely to care about care about the end results. Democratic leadership leads to higher productivity and better morale. The democratic manager can entrust the workforce with responsibilities and the manger in the key link between departments and the workforce this can style can help departments share ideas and resolve problems that may occur which in turn could increase production and make everyone feel that they have contributed. Democratic management encourages people to share their own ideas which can make them feel that are involved with projects that may be on going and to make them care more about what they and management are trying to achieve, this style is best used when team members are skilled, eager to share their knowledge with others this could be preferred when the team are skilled, motivated, trustworthy and has the knowledge on the subject. AC 1. 2 Explain why these leadership styles or behaviours are likely to have a positive or negative effect on individual and group behaviour. Effects of Autocratic Leadership Under the autocratic style all decision-making powers are centralized in the leader. The leader is in complete control and no one is permitted to make any suggestions or offer any opinions no matter how it may benefit the group or team. The positive side to his style is that it permits quick decision-making as only one person decides for the whole group or team, it also means that they have absolute control on proceedings often lead to successful completion of projects and it also provides strong motivation to the manager. The negative side to this style is that this type of leadership style is often very stressful on fellow employees which leads to their low motivation levels also the communication style of an autocratic leader is usually described as one way because they tell what they want done and the feedback you would receive from this type of leader would be generally be unplanned. Effects of Democratic Leadership Under the democratic style of leadership the leader is generally well liked because they usually support the group of team which means he/she would gain there support which means that he/she team would be loyal and respect him/her as fair. A democratic leader generally accept any opinion and voices which means that the team would feel free to voice their opinions and ideas without them being dismissed straight away. The positive side to this style is that the team/workforce can be highly motivated, skilled and experienced members can be used in decision making which makes them feel more committed and could less resistant to managerial changes it also help with communication between the workforce and the managers. The negative side to this style is that individuals can dominate participation or make disruptive contributions it can also be very time consuming for the leader because of the two communication it can also result in actions that are the most effective and also people may view this style as incompetent to handle the job responsibilities. A. C 2. 1 â€Å"Assess own leadership behaviours and potential in the context of a particular leadership model and own organisation’s working practices and culture using feedback from others† My style of leadership is the role I would like to call facilitating (of the questionnaire my score was 62) which means I’m there to provide support to my team, to help with resources and also to give encouragement to my team. Having spoken to my team I have assessed my leadership style and had feedback which I can see there is room for improvement to help my team improve and help the organization be more productive. I myself am a working team leader on a machine and I’m there to help my section with any problems that may occur and slow down production. I also asked one of my work colleagues to fill in the same questionnaire as I did and the score came back at (55) which falls in the category of facilitating, interestingly though my colleagues second score of (54) which falls in the category of directing One of the questions on the assessment sheets that I handed out came back to show that â€Å"I need to be more involved with the regular meetings that are held†, I asked my colleagues what they meant by this and what it would mean to them for me to be more involved they told me that they think that there ideas and problem aren’t really heard or listened to properly and sometimes that can cause morale to drop on the shop floor they think that the management don’t listen to the work force and that the management don’t take on board what the work force say. I think that this is really important because if we haven’t got the work force behind us as managers this in-turn can cause to an unsettled environment to work in also mistakes can be made ie: quality can be affected and that the morale can drop which in turn can lead to absentees on the shop floor because no one would want to come to work and work in this kind of environment. This area of my role is where I need to improve to help the work force to be more behind the management instead of apposed to which in turn would boost productivity and boost morale and would make it a happier organization to work for. A. C 2. 2 â€Å"Describe appropriate actions to enhance own leadership behaviour in the context of the particular leadership model† I am a level one team leader in my organization and I feel I could enhance and improve my leadership role in the following areas. I plan to introduce a series of team briefs that would allow me to improve and enhance the communication with the team that I am working with. The benefits that I would like to see improve is to let the team know what is going on in the business any health and safety issues any quality problems that we may have had and any other issues that may be important to the team. I myself have meeting with senior management and the information that I get from these meetings should be passed on to the team so that they feel that they are part of the business and they know what is going on within the company. These meeting would be useful for me so that I can be more one to one with my team and to acquire feedback from them because at the moment I don’t have the means to this so I think this area would improve my leadership style. Also I intend to be more involved with the appraisals that my level three team leader gives so that I myself understand the procedure and structure of them so that if I myself have to do them I understand what is meant from me in the appraisals. I would like to give appraisals twice a year instead of once a year so that I could monitor my team behaviour and coach them if they needed and help and this would improve the communication with them because hopeful they would trust me to listen and understand the problems that they may have with their day to day running of their machine.